Direct and indirect vegetation-environment relationships in the flooding savanna of Venezuela
Palabras clave:
Tropical savanna, Canonical Correspondence Analysis, Llanos del Orinoco, Venezuela, ordination methods, path analysis, relative soil water content, topographyResumen
The direct and indirect response of vegetation to environmental factors was analyzed in this work. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), direct gradient analysis technique and Path Analysis, indirect statistical technique, were used to evaluate and understand the response of the vegetation from a flooding savanna in the El Frío area. Data included contain the frequency and cover percentage of plant species, physical and management environmental variables, remote sensed variables and mapping data from 37 sites. Sites were classified in the field as seasonal, hyperseasonal and semiseasonal savannas. Sites were ordered along the first axis. The first ordination axis was mainly associated to relative soil water content, and the second ordination axis was related to grazing intensity. Soil fertility factors presented lowest indirect correlation values with ordination axes. The correlation of topographic features with the first ordination axis, suggest that hydrological dynamics and the capacity to accumulate water in the soil mainly determined the distribution of species in flooding savanna.
Descargas
Referencias
BURKE, A. 2001. Classification and ordination of plant communities of the Naukuft Mountains, Namibia. Journal of Vegetation Science 12: 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2001.tb02616.x
CASTROVIEJO, S. and G. LÓPEZ. 1985. Estudio y descripción de las comunidades vegetales del Hato El Frío, los Llanos de Venezuela. Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle 45(124): 79-151.
CHACÓN-MORENO, E. 2001. Landscape change by embankment of the "Llanos del Orinoco" flooded savanna. A Land Unit approach. In van der Zee, D. and Zonneveld, I. (Eds). Landscape ecology applied in land evaluation for development and conservation. Some worldwide selected examples. IALE - ITC. The Netherlands.
DUCKWORTH, J.C., BUNCE, R.G.H. and MALLOCH, A.J.C. 2000. Vegetation-environment relationships in Atlantic European calcareous grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 15-22. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236770
DUNHAM, K.M. 1989. Vegetation-environment relations of a Middle Zambezi floodplain. Vegetatio 82: 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00217978
GONZÁLEZ, R. 1980. Metodos de Laboratorio para análisis de rutina de suelos y algunas consideraciones sobre estos. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Universidad de los Andes. Mérida. Venezuela.
GUITIAN, F. and T. CARBALLAS. 1976. Técnicas de análisis de suelos. Editorial Pico Sacro. Santiago de Compostela. España.
HAASE, R. 1989. Plant communities of a savanna in northern Bolivia. I. Seasonally flooded grassland and gallery forest. Phytocoenologia 18(1): 55-81. https://doi.org/10.1127/phyto/18/1989/55
HORWITZ, W. 1955. Official Methods of Analysis of the A.O.A.C. Washington.
HUSTON, M. 1994. Biological Diversity. The coexistence of species on changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
JONGMAN, R.H.G., C.J.F. TER BRAAK and O.F.R. VAN TONGEREN. 1995. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Great Britain. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525575
LEGENDRE, P. and L. LEGENDRE. 1998. Numerical Ecology. Second English Edition. Developments in Environmental Modelling 20. Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam.
LÓPEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, D., M. GARCÍA and M. NIÑO. 1994. Input and output of nutrients in a diked flooded savanna. Journal of Applied Ecology 31(2): 303-312. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404545
MEDINA, E. and N. MOTTA. 1990. Metabolism and distribution of grasses in tropical flooded savannas in Venezuela. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6: 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400004053
MORENO-CASASOLA, P. and VÁSQUEZ, G. 1999. The relationship between vegetation dynamics and water table in tropical dune slacks. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:515-524. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237186
ØKLAND, R.H. and E. ODD. 1994. Canonical Correspondence Analysis with variation partitioning: some comments and an application. Journal of Vegetation Science 5: 117-126. https://doi.org/10.2307/3235645
PEREIRA DA SILVA, M. and G. SARMIENTO. 1997. Modelo de estados y transiciones de la sabana hiperestacional de los Llanos venezolanos. Ecotropicos 10(2): 79-86.
PINILLOS G., M. 1999. Modelo hidrológico de simulación en los llanos inundables del estado Apure. Tesis de Maestría. Postgrado en Ecología Tropical. Facultad de Ciencias, ULA, Mérida.
SAN JOSÉ, J.J.,R. MONTES and M. MAZORRA. 1998. The nature of savanna heterogeneity in the Orinoco Basin. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.1998.00309.x
SARMIENTO, G. 1984. The Neotropical Savannas. Harvard University Press. Cambridge.
SARMIENTO, G. 1990. Ecología comparada de ecosistemas de sabanas en América del Sur. In Sarmiento, G. (Ed) 1990. Las sabanas americanas. Aspecto de su biogeografía, ecología y utilización. Fondo Editorial Acta Científica Venezolana. Caracas - Venezuela.
SARMIENTO, G. 1996. Biodiversity and water relations in Tropical Savannas. In Solbrig, O.T., Medina, E. and Silva, J.F. (Eds). Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes. A Global Perspective. Ecological Studies: v.121. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78969-4_4
SARMIENTO, G. and M. PINILLOS. 2001. Patterns and processes in a seasonally flooded tropical plain: the Apure Llanos, Venezuela. Journal of Biogeography 28: 985-996. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00601.x
SARMIENTO, G., M. PINILLOS, M. PEREIRA DA SILVA and D. ACEVEDO. 2004. Effects of soil water regime and grazing on vegetation diversity and production in a hyperseasonal savanna in the Apure Llanos, Venezuela. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467403001299
SILVA, J. and G. SARMIENTO. 1976a. La composición de las sabanas en Barinas en relación con las unidades edáficas. Acta Científica Venezolana 27: 68-78.
SILVA, J. and G. SARMIENTO. 1976b. Influencia de los factores edáficos en la diferenciación de las sabanas. Análisis de Componentes Principales y su Interpretación ecológica. Acta Científica Venezolana 27: 141-147.
SMITH, J.K., E. CHACÓN-MORENO, R.H.G. JONGMAN, P.H. WENTING and J. H. LOEDEMAN. a (submitted). Effect of dike construction on water dynamics in the flooding savannas of Venezuela.
SMITH, J.K., E. CHACÓN-MORENO., R. G. H. JONGMAN, P.H. WENTING and J. H. LOEDEMAN. b (submitted). Regional flooding processes in the Llanos del Orinoco (Venezuela).
SOKAL, R.R. and F. J. ROHLF. 1994. Biometry. The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research. Third Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company. New York.
SOLBRIG, O.T., E. MEDINA and J. F. SILVA. 1996. Determinants of Tropical Savannas. In Solbrig, O.T., Medina, E. and Silva, J.F. (Eds). Biodiversity and Savanna Ecosystem Processes. A Global Perspective. Ecological Studies: v.121. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78969-4
TEJOS, R., W. SCHARGEL and F. BERRADE. 1990. Características y perspectivas de utilización de sabanas inundables neotropicales en Venezuela. In Sarmiento, G. (Ed.) 1990. Las sabanas americanas. Aspecto de su biogeografía, ecología y utilización. Fondo Editorial Acta Científica Venezolana. Caracas - Venezuela.
TER BRAAK, C.J.F. 1987. The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships by canonical correspondence analysis. Vegetatio 69:69-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00038688
TER BRAAK, C.J.F. 1995. Ordination. In Jongman, R.H.G., ter Braak, C.J.F. and van Tongeren, O.F.R. 1995. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, Great Britain.
TER BRAAK, C.J.F. 1996. Unimodal models to relate species to environment. General introduction.
CANOCO booklet. DLO-Agricultural Mathematics Group, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
TER BRAAK, C.J.F. and I. C. PRENTICE. 1988. A theory of gradient analysis. Advances in Ecological Research 18:271-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60183-X
TER BRAAK, C.J.F. and P. SMILAUER. 1998. CANOCO Reference Manual and User's Guide to Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination. Microcomputer Power, USA.
VAN COLLER, A.L., K. H. ROGERS and G. L. HERITAGE. 2000. Riparian vegetation-environment relationships: complimentarity of gradients versus patch hierarchy approaches. Journal of Vegetation Science 11: 337-350. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236626
VAN DE RIJT, C.W.JC.J., L. HAZELHOFF and C.W.P.M. BLOM. 1996. Vegetation zonation in a former tidal area: A vegetation-type response model based on DCA and logistic regresiion using GIS. Journal of Vegetation Science 7: 505-518. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236299
WHITTAKER, R.H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biological Review 42: 207-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1967.tb01419.x
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2004 Chacón-Moreno Eulogio, María Elena Naranjo, Dimas Acevedo (Author)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Cómo citar
Datos de los fondos
-
https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780
Números de la subvención ERBIC 18CT960087
