Altitudinal changes of forest diversity and composition in the ramal de guaramacal in the Venezuelan Andes
Palabras clave:
altitudinal zonation, floristic composition, diversity, forest structure, montane forestsResumen
Qualitative and quantitative data on forest floristic composition, structure and diversity were collected from eleven 0.1 ha (20 x 50 m) plots between 1830 and 2580 m to determine how forests change with increasing altitude on the northern slope of Cruz Carrillo National Park (Guaramacal) in the Andes of Trujillo and Portuguesa states, Venezuela. A total of 4,521 individuals > 2.5 cm d.b.h. was recorded, comprising 213 morphospecies, 124 genera, and 59 families of vascular plants. There included 171 species of trees, 7 tree ferns, 5 hemiepiphytes, 3 large herbs, 22 lianas, 4 palms and one climbing terrestrial herb. The most species-rich family was Lauraceae (26 species), followed by Rubiaceae (21), Melastomataceae (16), Myrtaceae (10), Euphorbiaceae (8), and Asteraceae (7). Floristic diversity increased from 1830 to 2350 m but decreased above that. Forest stature decreased at higher elevation, and density of small individuals increased. Analysis of floristic composition using Bray-Curtis cluster analysis and distribution pattern of the most important species (Importance Value Index) indicate altitudinal changes that suggest the presence of two vegetation zones separated by a transitional forest type.
Descargas
Referencias
BADILLO, V. 1994b. Fleishmannia guaramacalana Badillo sp. nov. (Compositae-Eupatorieae). Ernstia 3(3-4):139-141.
BOYLE, B. L. 1996. Changes on altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in neotropical montane forests. Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
BRAY, J. R. and J. T . CURTIS. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological Monographs 27: 325-349. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942268
CLAY, D. and G. THOMAS. 1996. BioDap: Ecological Diversity and its Measure Ver. Beta 1. Parks Canada and Fundy National Park, New Brunswick, Canada.
CONDIT , R., S. P. HUBBELL, J. V. LAFRANKIE, R. SUKUMAR, N. MANOKARAN, R. B. FOSTER and P. S. ASHTON. 1996. Species-area and species-individual relationships for tropical trees: A comparison of three 50 ha plots. Journal of Ecology 84:549-562. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261477
CUATRECASAS, J. 1958. Aspectos de la vegetación natural de Colombia. Rev. Acad. Colombia 10:221-264.
CUATRECASAS, J. 1986. Speciation and radiation of the Espeletiinae in the Andes. Pp.267-301, in F. Vuilleumier and M. Monasterio (eds.): High Altitude Tropical Biogeography. Oxford University Press.
CUELLO, N. 1997. Floristic diversity and structure of montane cloud forests of Cruz Carrillo National Park in the Venezuelan Andes. [Master Thesis]. University of Missouri-St. Louis. U.S.A.
CUELLO, N. (ed.). 1999. Parque Nacional Guaramacal. Unellez- Fundación Polar. Caracas.
CUELLO, N. and O. BARBERA. 1999. Aspectos climáticos del Parque Nacional Guaramacal. Pp. 47-49, in N. Cuello (ed.): Parque Nacional Guaramacal. Unellez- Fundación Polar. Caracas.
CURTIS, J. T. and R. P. McINTOSH. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32:476-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931725
DORR, L., B. STERGIOS, A. R. SMITH and N. CUELLO. 2000. Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Guaramacal National Park, Portuguesa and Trujillo States, Venezuela. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 40:1-155.
FISHER, R. A., A. S. CORBET and C. B. WILLIAMS. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12: 42-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/1411
GENTRY, A. 1982. Patterns of Neotropical plant species diversity. Evolutionary Biology 15:1-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6968-8_1
GENTRY, A. 1988a. Tree species richness in upper Amazonian forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 85:156-159. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.1.156
GENTRY, A. 1988b. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographic gradients. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 75:1-34. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399464
GENTRY, A. 1992 Diversity and floristic composition of Andean forests of Peru and adjacent countries: Implications for their conservation. Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural 21:11-29.
GENTRY, A. 1995. Patterns of diversity and floristic composition in Neotropical Montane Forests. Pp. 103- 126, in S. Churchill, H. Balslev, E. Forero, and J. Luteyn (eds.): Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
GIVNISH, T. 1998. On the causes of gradients in tropical tree diversity. Journal of Ecology 87:193-210. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00333.x
GRUBB, P. J. and T. C. WHITMORE. 1966. A comparison of motane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador II. The climate and its effects on the distribution and physiognomy of the forests. Journal of Ecolgy 54:303-333. https://doi.org/10.2307/2257951
KAPPELLE, M., J. VAN UFFELEN and A. M. CLEEF. 1995. Altiudinal zonation of montane Quercus forests along two transects in the Chirripó National Park, Costa Rica. Vegetatio 119: 119-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045594
KAPPELLE, M. 1996. Los Bosques de roble ( Quercus) de la cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica: Biodiversidad,Ecología, Conservación y Desarrollo. Amsterdam,Heredia, CR. Universidad de Amsterdam-INBio.
KITAYA M A , K. 1992. An altitudinal transect study of the vegetation on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Vegetatio 102:149-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044731
LIEBERMAN, D., M. LIEBERMAN, R. PERALTA and G. S. HARTSHORN. 1996. Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. Journal of Ecology 84: 137- 152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261350
MAGURRAN, A. E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princenton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7358-0
MONASTERIO, M. and S. REYES. 1980. Diversidad ambiental y variación de la vegetación en los páramos de los Andes Venezolanos. Pp. 47-91, in M. Monasterio (ed.): Estudios ecológicos en los Páramos Andinos. Ediciones de la Universidad de los Andes, Merida, Venezuela.
NAKASHIZUCHA, T., Z. YUSOP and A. R. NIK. 1992. Latitudinal zonation of forest communities in Selangor, Peninsular Malasia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 4: 233-244.
ORTEGA, F., G. AYMARD and B. STERGIOS. 1987. Aproximación al conocimiento de la flora de las montañas de Guaramacal, Estado Trujillo, Venezuela. BioLlania 5:1-60.
RANGEL, G. A. 1989. Diagnostico del estado de conservacion actual de los recursos een el Parque nacional Guaramacal, Bocono, estado Trujillo. Informe del Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables, Instituto Nacional de Parques, Unidad Regional Trujillo.
RANGEL- CH., J. O. 1995. La diversidad floristica en el espacio Andino de Colombia. Pp. 187-205, in S. Churchill, H. Balslev, E. Forero, and J. Luteyn (eds.): Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
READ-THOMAS, G. 1989. Vegetation et utilization du sol dans la Region Guanare-Masparro, Andes Venezueliennes, Venezuela. Environnement et Changements 63(2): 137-201. CEGET, CNRS, Bourdeux.
RUNDEL, P. W. 1994. Tropical alpine climates. Chapter 2. Pp.21-44, in P. W. Rundel, A. P. Smith and F. C. Meinzer (eds.): Tropical Alpine Environments: Plant form and function. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551475.003
STEYERMARK, J. 1982. Relationships of some Venezuelan forest with lowland tropical floras. In: G. T. Prance (ed.), Biological Diversification in the Tropics. Columbia University. Press.
TROLL, C. 1973. The upper timberlines in different climatic zones. Artic and Alpine Research 5(3): A3-A18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00040851.1973.12003712
ULLOA ULLOA, C. and P. M. JØRGENSEN. 1992. Arboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador. AUU Reports 24: 1-241.
VAN DER HAMMEN , T. 1974. The Pleistocene changes of vegetation and climate in tropical south America. Journal of Biogeography 1:3-26. https://doi.org/10.2307/3038066
VAN DER HAMMEN , T. 1989. History of the montane forest of the northern Andes. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162:109-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00936913
VAN DER HAMMEN , T. 1995. Global change, Biodiversity, and Conservation of Neotropical Montane forests. Pp. 603-607, in S. Churchill, H. Balslev, E. Forero, and J. Luteyn (eds):Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. The New YorkBotanical Garden, Bronx.
VAN DER HAMMEN, T. and A. CLEEF. 1983a. Datos para la Historia de la Flora Andina. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 56: 97-107.
VAN DER HAMMEN , T. and A. CLEEF. 1983b . Trigonobalanus and the tropical amphi-pacific element in the North Andean forest. Journal of Biogeography 10:437-440. https://doi.org/10.2307/2844750
VAN DER HAMMEN , T . a n d A. CLEEF. 1986. Development of the high andean paramo flora and vegetation. Pp. 153-201, in F. Vuilleumier and M. Monasterio (eds.): High Altitude Tropical Biogeography. Oxford University Press.
VÁSQUEZ, J. A. and T. GIVNISH. 1998. Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Sierra de Manatlán. Journal of Ecology 86:999-1020. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00325.x
VEILLON, J.P. 1965. Variación altitudinal de la masa forestal de los bosques primarios en la vertiente nor-occidental de la cordillera de los Andes, Venezuela. Turrialba 15:216-224
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2002 Nidia L. Cuello (Author)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
